Zhijie Qu

2 months ago | mdpi.com | Zhijie Qu |Yuan Gao |Shiyan Li |Xiaojuan Zhang

1. IntroductionIn recent years, electromagnetic (EM) and magnetic methods have been essential in geophysical exploration, widely applied in subsurface detection for identifying targets with varying electrical and magnetic properties [1,2,3,4]. However, traditional inversion techniques face significant limitations, including susceptibility to local minima and dependence on initial values, which can lead to inaccurate results.