Alexander D. Barrow

May 10, 2023 | frontiersin.org | Quan Chen |Chunhua Song |Alexander D. Barrow |Sjoerd Schetters

IntroductionGliomas are the most common and aggressive primary brain tumors associated with a very poor prognosis, especially glioblastoma (GBM), with a 5-year overall survival rate below 5% (1). Conventional therapeutic strategies for GBM are unsatisfactory. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 alone have produced a demonstrable therapeutic benefit in several tumor types; however, their efficacy in gliomas has not been satisfactory (2, 3).