Anmin Zhang

Jun 30, 2023 | mdpi.com | Yunong Zhang |Anmin Zhang |Miao Gao |Yi Liang

Abstract:Spatial relation models are the basis for realising three-dimensional spatial analysis. More researchers are now focusing on models that combine topological relations with distance or directional relations; however, a model that unifies all three relations has not yet been developed. In particular, it is more effective to use different spatial relations between features with different spatial characteristics in three-dimensional electronic navigation charts (3D ENC).