Charles Tomo Parins-Fukuchi

Nov 14, 2024 | onlinelibrary.wiley.com | Gregory W Stull |Jun Wen |Jeremy M. Beaulieu |Charles Tomo Parins-Fukuchi

1 Introduction Phenotypic traits often covary. The causes, consequences, and biological significance of trait covariation are complex and manifest distinct patterns across levels of temporal and biological scales. Trait covariation provides a numeric basis for partitioning the phenotype into semi-autonomous regions, where suites of traits covary internally but are independent of one another. This is referred to as modularity (Wagner, Pavlicev, and Cheverud 2007).