Choon Nam Ong

Oct 18, 2023 | mdpi.com | Jun S. Lai |Keith Godfrey |Choon Nam Ong |Kok Hian Tan

3. Results 3.1. Study Sample CharacteristicsTable 1 presents the demographic, lifestyle, and clinical characteristics along with the average concentrations of individual carotenoids and E vitamers for the 678 women included. The women were, on average, 31 years old at delivery. Most were of Chinese ethnicity (59%), had attained tertiary education (37.4%), were multiparous (56.2%) at recruitment, and did not engage in moderate–vigorous physical activity (70%).