Gangzhi Tang

Jan 13, 2025 | mdpi.com | Dong Liu |JiaJun Liu |Xuefei Deng |Gangzhi Tang

1. IntroductionWith the rapid development of China’s economy, the demand for motor vehicles has been increasing. The total number of motor vehicles increased from 16 million in 2000 to 395 million in 2021, which is a 24-fold increase during this period []. Although the government’s emission standards for motor vehicles are more stringent year by year, the emissions continue to rise significantly in the face of the continuous growth of motor vehicle ownership.