Loraine Liping Seng

Jun 12, 2023 | onlinelibrary.wiley.com | Loraine Liping Seng |Ching-Ti Liu |Jingli Wang |Jialiang Li

1 INTRODUCTION Instrumental variable (IV) methods are frequently used to control for confounding and measurement error in observational studies. They allow for the possibility of making correct causal inferences with observational data. Historically IVs have primarily been used in economics research, but have recently begun to win favor in epidemiological and biostatistical studies.