Rohollah Garmanjani

Aug 11, 2023 | mdpi.com | Parisa Ahani |Amilcar Arantes |Sandra P. Melo |Rohollah Garmanjani

1. IntroductionThe continuous growth of the urban population is a global phenomenon, with the European Union projecting an increase in the proportion of urban residents from 55% in 2018 to 68% by 2050 []. This rapid urbanization, coupled with the rise of globalization, economic development, e-commerce, and omnichannel retailing, has led to a significant surge in urban freight transportation (UFT) [,].