Sara Hubbi

1 month ago | physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com | Sara Hubbi |Shoujin Hao |Jarred Epps |Nicholas Ferreri

Although primarily recognized as a cytokine targeted by biological therapies for treating chronic inflammatory diseases, seminal studies using tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) knockout mice and the side effects observed in patients on anti-TNF drugs highlight the pleiotropic nature of TNF, exhibiting both protective and pathogenic effects (Marino et al., 1997).