Wenjun Sun

Oct 29, 2024 | mdpi.com | Lin Zhong |Wenjun Sun |Shaohua Zhang |Qianjie Liu

1. IntroductionSuspension systems have a crucial impact on vehicle handling stability, driving safety, and ride comfort [1]. Depending on the form of control, suspension systems are categorized into three main types: passive suspension, active suspension, and semi-active suspension [2]. Passive suspensions are unable to adapt to changes in body parameters and driving conditions because the damping and stiffness coefficients are fixed to certain values.