Xiao-Tong Shang

Mar 13, 2024 | conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com | Fan Fan |Xiao-Li Shen |Yong Zheng |Xiao-Tong Shang

1 INTRODUCTION Free-ranging livestock posed an emerging threat to forest biodiversity, which may profoundly impact the survival of many endangered species inhabiting forest ecosystems (Li & Jiang, 2021; Zhang et al., 2022). Therefore, reducing the negative impacts of free-ranging livestock on ecosystems has become a conservation priority for many countries (Pudyatmoko, 2017). Free-ranging livestock may have impacts on forest ecosystems through various mechanisms.