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2 months ago | 
mdpi.com | Tao Huang |Yarong Liu |Xin Liu Liu |Meng Wang
1. IntroductionWireless communication’s openness and shared nature provide users with easy access and connectivity benefits. Nevertheless, these advantages also expose communication networks to the wireless environment, making them more susceptible to jamming attacks compared to wired networks [1].
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Jan 18, 2025 | 
mdpi.com | Haoyu Li |Xin Liu Liu |Xiaoyan Liu |Jian Cao
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
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Dec 3, 2024 | 
mdpi.com | Dong Wang |Dandan Zhang |Zhen Liu |Xin Liu Liu
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
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Nov 25, 2024 | 
mdpi.com | Jie Liu |Qiuyu Wei |Xin Liu Liu |Jiang Chen
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
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Oct 29, 2024 | 
mdpi.com | Zhihui Duan |Qi Zeng |Xin Liu Liu
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
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Sep 24, 2024 | 
mdpi.com | Xin Liu Liu
1. IntroductionBayesian filtering is a probabilistic approach that recursively estimates an unknown probability density function over time based on a mathematical model and observation process [1,2,3]. It involves updating the prior distribution to obtain the posterior distribution, which is the essence of Bayesian statistics.
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Sep 23, 2024 | 
mdpi.com | Zheng Liu |Yuhao Zhang |Haodong Liu |Xin Liu Liu
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
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Jun 14, 2024 | 
opg.optica.org | Yuan Tian |Jie Bai |Han Lin |Xin Liu Liu
With the development of photonics device integration technology, Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) are widely applied as sensors because they are extremely sensitive to environmental parameters. Conventional MZI sensors are generally large and unsuitable for high-density integration. MZIs based on photonic crystals (PCs) can significantly improve compactness and are suitable for integration. However, PC MZIs experience substantial optical loss due to scattering.
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May 11, 2024 | 
mdpi.com | JiaJun Liu |Mingchao Ma |Xin Liu Liu |Haokun Xu
1. IntroductionCross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) power cables are extensively utilized in power systems due to their lightweight nature, ease of installation, and outstanding electrical and mechanical properties [1,2,3]. However, throughout construction and operation, cables are susceptible to various external disturbances like mechanical impacts and water ingress, which can compromise their insulation performance, thereby increasing the risk of cable faults [4,5,6].
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Apr 25, 2024 | 
mdpi.com | Xin Liu Liu |Yulong Hu |Nian Liu
1. IntroductionWater cooling systems are an important and indispensable part of the production process in many industrial fields, such as ships, electric power, oil refining, the chemical industry, and so on. At present, seawater systems commonly used in ships incorporate materials such as copper alloys. However, due to the inadequate corrosion resistance of copper alloys against seawater flow, corrosion frequently manifests within seawater systems [1,2].
