Xu Zhou

Nov 2, 2023 | frontiersin.org | Xueru Zhang |Xiao Ouyang |Xu Zhou

1 IntroductionConsidering the continuous increase of urbanization processes and human activities in the biophysical environment, it has been observed that the vulnerability of cities to uncertain risks and extreme events increases exponentially, which is mainly derived from events associated with climate change, such as storms, floods, and extreme drought (Ribeiro and Pena Jardim Gonçalves, 2019).

Oct 12, 2023 | frontiersin.org | Qingyu Zhu |Xu Zhou |Kun Wu

1 IntroductionThe upwellings of the low-density ionospheric phenomenon caused by the plasma instabilities, which are termed equatorial spread F (ESF) or equatorial plasma bubble (EPB), are one of the most important scientific subjects in the equatorial F region. They commonly occur after sunset as a result of the prereversal enhancement in the upward plasma velocity that lifts the F layer (Eccles, 1998).

Aug 8, 2023 | dx.doi.org | Xu Zhou |Zhiqiang Wei |Hao Lu |Jiaqi He

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Apr 4, 2023 | nature.com | Xu Zhou |Zhiqun Xie |Jian He |Hong Lin |Juan Xiao |Hua Wang | +2 more

Injury is the most common cause of preventable morbidity and death among children under five. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of injury-related mortality rates in children under five and to provide evidence for future preventive strategies. Data were obtained from the Under Five Child Mortality Surveillance System in Hunan Province, China, 2015–2020. Injury-related mortality rates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by year, residence, gender, age, and major injury subtype (drowning, suffocation, traffic injuries, falls, and poisoning). And crude odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to examine the association of epidemiological characteristics with injury-related deaths. The Under Five Child Mortality Surveillance System registered 4,286,087 live births, and a total of 22,686 under-five deaths occurred, including 7586 (which accounted for 33.44% of all under-five deaths) injury-related deaths. The injury-related under-five mortality rate was 1.77‰ (95% CI 1.73–1.81). Injury-related deaths were mainly attributed to drowning (2962 cases, 39.05%), suffocation (2300 cases, 30.32%), traffic injuries (1200 cases, 15.82%), falls (627 cases, 8.27%), and poisoning (156 cases, 2.06%). The mortality rates due to drowning, suffocation, traffic injuries, falls, and poisoning were 0.69‰ (95% CI 0.67,0.72), 0.54‰ (95% CI 0.51,0.56), 0.28‰ (95% CI 0.26,0.30), 0.15‰ (95% CI 0.13,0.16), and 0.04‰ (95% CI 0.03,0.04), respectively. From 2015 and 2020, the injury-related mortality rates were 1.78‰, 1.77‰, 1.60‰, 1.78‰, 1.80‰, and 1.98‰, respectively, and showed an upward trend (χ2trend = 7.08, P = 0.01). The injury-related mortality rates were lower in children aged 0–11 months than in those aged 12–59 months (0.52‰ vs. 1.25‰, OR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.39–0.44), lower in urban than rural areas (1.57‰ vs. 1.88‰, OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.80–0.88), and higher in males than females (2.05‰ vs . 1.45‰, OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.35–1.49). The number of injury-related deaths decreased with children’s age. Injury-related deaths happened more frequently in cold weather (around February). Almost half (49.79%) of injury-related deaths occurred at home. Most (69.01%) children did not receive treatment after suffering an injury until they died, and most (60.98%) injury-related deaths did not receive treatment because it was too late to get to the hospital. The injury-related mortality rate was relatively high, and we have described its epidemiological characteristics. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these phenomena. Our study is of great significance for under-five child injury intervention programs to reduce injury-related deaths.