Youyang Qu

Oct 31, 2023 | mdpi.com | Zhaoming Chen |Wenyuan Xu |Youyang Qu

1. IntroductionAccording to the global road safety report [], traffic crashes result in 1.2 million fatalities and over 50 million injuries annually. Traffic safety has become a significant global issue. For the traffic safety level of China, the efficiency of transportation operations has increased dramatically over the past few decades, bringing convenience but also leading to problems such as the excessive frequency and severity of crashes.