Bruegel

Founded in 2005, this organization operates independently and without bias. Bruegel aims to enhance economic policy by providing open, fact-driven research, analysis, and discussions. We prioritize fairness, transparency, and high standards in our work. Our members consist of governments from EU Member States, as well as global corporations and institutions.

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How do Europe and the US compare on clean tech?

2 weeks ago | bruegel.org | Marie Jugé |Ugnė Keliauskaitė |Kate Larsen |Ben McWilliams

As the world moves beyond fossil fuels, clean technologies will shape new economic and energy systems. To assess the relative positions of the United States and European Union, we must evaluate both deployment and manufacturing. The EU leads the US on deployment, being home to more wind turbines, solar panels, hydrogen electrolysers, batteries and electric vehicles. Meanwhile, China has deployed more than the combined sum of the EU and US.
Defence and climate: is a common agenda possible?

3 weeks ago | bruegel.org | Simone Tagliapietra |Marie Jugé |Ugnė Keliauskaitė |Kate Larsen

In this episode of the Sound of Economics, we look at the present and future efforts of the defence sector to integrate climate sustainability. Host Rebecca Christie is joined by Bruegel's Simone Tagliapietra and Kädi Ristkok, Executive Director of Cleantech for Baltics. Together, they explore the challenges and practical steps to decarbonise defence. What are the key policy actions needed at the European level? Relevant research:Ristkok, K. and L.
Implementing the EU nature Restoration Law: exploring pathways for member states

3 weeks ago | bruegel.org | Rebecca Christie |Conall Heussaff |Georg Zachmann |Heather Grabbe

The European Union Nature Restoration Law (NRL) entered into force in 2024. The NRL sets quantitative restoration targets aimed at improving natural habitats that are currently in poor condition, with substantial leeway for countries to choose implementation pathways that fit their priorities. This Working Paper examines three pathways: (1) evenly spreading restoration efforts across all ecosystems; (2) prioritising cost-efficiency; and (3) maximising carbon sequestration.
Intra-Western Balkans dynamics: stocktaking and ways ahead

1 month ago | bruegel.org | Rebecca Christie |Armin Steinbach |Jeromin Zettelmeyer |Zsolt Darvas

In the context of the push by the European Union for regional integration in the Western Balkans, this paper explores the barriers to, and prospects for, deeper intra-Western Balkan economic relationships. First, it addresses the pronounced bilateral economic relationships between Western Balkan countries associated with historical path-dependencies.
EU Banking Sector & Competitiveness

1 month ago | bruegel.org | Nicolas Véron |Giulia Gotti |Conor McCaffrey |Rebecca Christie

Language English First Glance financial regulation sustainable finance banking union capital markets Report banking union eu budget eu governance financial regulation Event This event at CER’s London office delved into the progress and ongoing challenges of Europe’s banking union since 2014 Podcast Bruegel’s founders recount the think tank’s creation and its journey to becoming a key player in Europe’s economic policy landscape eu governance Euro crisis transatlantic relations european...
The EU-UK reset: a first, big step in the right direction

1 month ago | bruegel.org | Rebecca Christie |Ignacio Garcia Bercero |Heather Grabbe

The outcome of the 19 May European Union-United Kingdom summit took the form primarily of declarations of intent that will need to be followed with substantive negotiations. Nevertheless, the summit was a major step towards the EU and UK working together more closely. The most ambitious part of the EU-UK reset is on security and defence. This makes sense because the EU cannot achieve strategic autonomy without working with the UK to build effective defences and deter Russian aggression.
How the EU should plan for global trade transformation

1 month ago | bruegel.org | Ignacio Garcia Bercero |Rebecca Christie |Uri Dadush |Niclas Poitiers

The major turbulence being experienced by the world economy could lead to a global recession and the collapse of the norms and institutions that have been critical for stability and economic development since the Second World War. In particular, the United States has adopted a level of tariff protection last seen in the 1930s and there are signals of financial instability that could weaken the role of the dollar in the international monetary system.
What should the European Union aim for in a trade deal with Trump?

1 month ago | bruegel.org | Ignacio Garcia Bercero |Rebecca Christie |Uri Dadush |Niclas Poitiers

Since the suspension on 9 April by President Trump of so-called ‘reciprocal tariffs’ higher than 10%, the United States has announced trade agreements with the United Kingdom and China (on 8 May and 12 May, respectively). The UK agreement offers a preferential tariff rate quota (TRQ) on UK exports of steel, aluminium and cars, in exchange for preferential concessions for US beef and ethanol. The China agreement rolls back the 115% increase in tariffs that both sides introduced in early April.
Lessons for the European Central Bank from the 2021-2023 inflationary episode

1 month ago | bruegel.org | Zsolt Darvas |Jeromin Zettelmeyer |Rebecca Christie |George Papaconstantinou

AbstractSince mid-2021, the euro-area economy has gone through several shocks, leading to the highest inflation since the creation of the European Monetary Union. A forceful and persistent response from the European Central Bank, grounded in the monetary policy framework it agreed in 2021 ahead of the inflationary episode, has succeeded in bringing inflation down and delivering on the central bank’s price-stability mandate.
‘Project Einstein’: research excellence for Europe and the world

1 month ago | bruegel.org | Rebecca Christie |Heather Grabbe |Guntram B. Wolff |Alicia Garcia-Herrero

In the 1930s and 1940s, half a million European scientists and intellectuals fled fascism, finding refuge in universities and industry in the United States. Many did ground-breaking research during and after the Second World War – not least Albert Einstein. Europe now has a chance to return the favour. Many excellent researchers are under threat from the Trump administration’s attack on US science.