Guoxin Xia

Jan 15, 2025 | mdpi.com | Jiasheng Ling |Lei Zhang |Chenyang Liu |Guoxin Xia

1. IntroductionIndustrial control systems (ICSs), as the core of critical infrastructure, are widely used in power, water supply, and manufacturing industries. However, with the continuous development of network technology, the cyber-security of ICSs faces serious challenges. Cyber-attacks not only lead to information leakage but may also cause damage to physical equipment, casualties, and environmental damage. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure the security of ICSs [1].