Haitian Zhang

Sep 3, 2024 | mdpi.com | Haitian Zhang |Yanqing Jiang |Rui Gao |Hang Li

1. IntroductionAutonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) constitute an emerging class of unmanned underwater platforms that have experienced rapid advancements in recent years, driven by significant progress in energy systems, sensing technologies, navigation, communication, and control technologies [1,2,3,4,5]. However, with the expansion of oceanic endeavors and the increasing complexity of underwater tasks, AUVs face significant challenges.