Jian Li

1 month ago | mdpi.com | Yiwen Wang |Weiguo Wu |Jian Li |Shan Wang |Hantao Zhang

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2 months ago | nature.com | Jian Li |Eryong Xue |Siyuan Guo

The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a vehicle for promoting students’ learning that plays a significant role in basic education reform globally. Few studies have used the transnational academic achievements of PISA as evidence to systematically summarize the primary motivation behind PISA’s participation in global decision-making and the core issues of PISA’s impact on education reform. Using a systematic review approach, we aimed to analyze findings from empirical research about the impact of PISA on global basic education policies and to provide an overview of the effects of PISA on global basic education reform. The Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and Scopus databases were searched for empirical research written in English, focusing on basic education, and including search terms such as PISA, educational reform, and policy. A total of 85 studies were included in the review and systematically synthesized to determine the effect of PISA on global basic education reform. PISA drives policy discussions on education quality and equity through its pursuit of educational quality, data-based comparative analysis, and evidence-based research paradigms. PISA’s impact has extended far beyond its original function of measuring the quality of education among countries, and it profoundly affects global education governance through ‘soft’ governance of the education system. We present a specific mechanism model of PISA’s impact on the development of education policies that demonstrates the two-way interaction between PISA and education reform, providing a theoretical reference for future academic research on education reform linked to PISA.

Jan 18, 2025 | mdpi.com | Ke Wu |Tao Xie |Jian Li |Chao Wang

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.

Nov 1, 2024 | journals.ametsoc.org | Yin Zhao |Jian Li

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Oct 4, 2024 | nature.com | Yi SONG |Jian Li |Yuzhang Wu

Autoimmune disorders are characterized by aberrant T cell and B cell reactivity to the body’s own components, resulting in tissue destruction and organ dysfunction. Autoimmune diseases affect a wide range of people in many parts of the world and have become one of the major concerns in public health. In recent years, there have been substantial progress in our understanding of the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis and mechanisms of autoimmune diseases. Current approved therapeutic interventions for autoimmune diseases are mainly non-specific immunomodulators and may cause broad immunosuppression that leads to serious adverse effects. To overcome the limitations of immunosuppressive drugs in treating autoimmune diseases, precise and target-specific strategies are urgently needed. To date, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanisms of immune tolerance, offering a new avenue for developing antigen-specific immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases. These antigen-specific approaches have shown great potential in various preclinical animal models and recently been evaluated in clinical trials. This review describes the common epidemiology, clinical manifestation and mechanisms of autoimmune diseases, with a focus on typical autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and sjögren’s syndrome. We discuss the current therapeutics developed in this field, highlight the recent advances in the use of nanomaterials and mRNA vaccine techniques to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance.