Xiaobo Li

Aug 25, 2024 | mdpi.com | Xiaobo Li

1. IntroductionOptimization is a fundamental concept in various fields, ranging from engineering and economics to machine learning and logistics. In the case of composite optimization, the objective function or the constraints are composed of multiple individual functions or constraints, making the problem more complex. Composite optimization problems [1,2,3,4] arise in diverse applications, such as signal processing, image reconstruction, and data analysis.

Jun 19, 2024 | mdpi.com | Lingyu Liu |Xiaobo Li |Pengcheng Li

1. IntroductionThe spreading and vanishing of species is a fundamental content in ecology. In order to study this problem, numerous studies have been conducted from a mathematical viewpoint. In this paper, we consider a ratio-dependent prey–predator model with different double free boundaries. This is a significant topic because the following phenomenon continuously occurs in the real world.

Jun 11, 2024 | mdpi.com | Fan Ye |Xiaobo Li |Nan Zhang |Feng Xu

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Apr 16, 2024 | bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com | Xiaobo Li |Shujing Wang |Wei Li |Shasha Wang |Xiao Qin |Ji Wang | +1 more

The study was carried out according to the ethical review guidelines for animal welfare (GB/T 35892) and approved by the Ethics Committee for Laboratory Animal Welfare of the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control [Approval No. NIFDC(FU)2021(A)007]. Forty carrier pigeons, numbered #1-#40 and aged 3 to 4 months and with a healthy appearance, were obtained from a breeding farm in Fangshan District, Beijing, China. There were approximately 200 pigeons in the pigeon farm.

Mar 29, 2024 | mdpi.com | Xiaobo Li |JIan Liang

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No specialpermission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. Forarticles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused withoutpermission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer tohttps://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.